What is defined as a “field experiment” in research methodology?

A "field experiment" refers to a type of research study conducted in real-world settings, as opposed to a controlled laboratory environment. This approach allows researchers to observe and analyze the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable in a context that reflects everyday conditions. By testing hypotheses in natural environments, field experiments can yield results that are more generalizable to broader populations, making them particularly valuable in social sciences, education, and market research.

Field experiments often involve manipulating one or more variables while also allowing other external factors to vary naturally, which helps in assessing the practical implications of the research findings. This contrasts with laboratory experiments, where conditions are highly controlled and variables are isolated to maintain precision in measuring outcomes. While controlled variables are integral to ensuring the validity of any experiment, the essence of a field experiment is its application in a realistic setting. Observational studies, on the other hand, do not involve manipulation of variables, which sets them apart from field experiments.